Here are my notes on a class on Early Anglo-Saxon dress that I have taught several times. This is a work in progress. I am in the process of fleshing out the text so it is more notes than an outline and updating the bibliography.

Early Anglo-Saxon Costume: An Archaeological Approach

Copyright 2002, 2003 by Elizabeth Peters

One of the challenges in researching early period costume is that written and artistic records contain little or ambiguous material. In this class, we will look at Anglo-Saxon Costume in the Pagan Era (410-650 AD). Examples of men’s and women’s costume will be discussed. We will examine an archaeological approach to reconstructing the costume of this period. Reports of bog and grave finds as well as actual dress ornaments from the period will be used.

Course Outline

Written Period Accounts

The Saxons did not have written histories before converting to Christianity, so for written information, we are dependent on earlier and later writings, and contemporary writings by the Saxon's neighbors.

	Tacitus - earlier Roman historian writing about continental Germanic tribes
	Bede - later Saxon historian
	St. Augustine - contemporary missionary from Rome
	Nennius - contemporary British historian
	Anglo-Saxon Chronicle - later Saxon history written by a variety of authors

Nature of Art and Clothing production

The nature of art & clothing production left few traces in the archaeological record either.

	Saxon art was not clearly representational of people and their dress. There was lots of abstract ornament, and some depictions of animals and animal-like ornaments. Very few depictions of people.
	Clearer depictions of people are available on the continent in cultures in close contact with Romans, and in Roman depictions of Germanic tribes. Trajan's column and funeral carvings are examples.
	Clothing more of a cottage industry, made in the home for the local community. No large workshops with middens of broken tools, etc.
	No internal written record. A-S Chronicle began to be written in Christian era, so no illustrations in manuscripts.

Migration Patterns

Knowing the migration patterns allows us to make better guesses when we have more information at the point of origin of a migration.

The historian Bede wrote about England being populated by Angles, Saxons, and Jutes.

Archaeology supports different populations moving in at different times. Jewelry found in graves may match that found in sites on the continent, suggesting close trade contact between the groups if not actual migration from one place to another. Some pottery and jewelry can be shown to be made using the same tools when viewed under a microscope.

Bogs in Denmark have produced a number of textile and leather finds that can inform finds in England where the textiles & leather have rotted away.

Huldremose Gown

Thorsbjerg tunic and Trousers

Shoes

Changes in religion (burial practices)

Throughout the period burial practices varied by community, and changed as people gradually converted to Christianity.

	Pagan era: body buried in clothes.
	Christian era: may have been buried in shroud rather than clothing

Grave Finds

	Changing archaeological techniques have improved preservation of more fragile finds like textiles.
	Textiles preserved by or impressed in metal corrosion. Many pins on the backs of brooches were iron & the corrosion trapped & made impressions of fibers. It is sometimes possible to tell the difference between linen & wool by microscope.
	Current archaeology more likely to preserve traces of textile. Keeping the moisture level the same as the site's also helps preserve textile. Things that have been preserved in anaerobic (no-oxygen) conditions may be preserved better, and may decompose rapidly if the are exposed to air or allowed to dry out after excavation.
	Placement of brooches, buckles, etc on skeleton provides framework to fill in the missing parts of the costume.
	Most metal artifacts are functional, either a tool or hold costume together.

Cemeteries

Even with these problems, inhumation cemeteries provide an excellent source of information about dress in this time.

	Provide a better idea of what was typical. Many graves have no metal finds at all, or contain a single glass bead.
	Passage of time in same community. One site may be used for hundreds of years and show change in costume in the same community.
	However, finds must be taken with a grain of salt, as the deceased did not choose what to put on that day. The garments the deceased wear into the grave have religious significance in some cultures. For instance, kimonos lapped in opposite direction in Japan. Without much knowledge of funeral rites we don't know why people were buried in the manner in which we find them.

Bog Finds

A number of textile & leather finds from bogs in Denmark have proved very useful in interpreting Saxon finds in England.

	Vegetable fiber (linen) less likely to survive than protein (wools & leather). Some pieces found where threads used for stitching have rotted away leaving impressions behind in the fiber or leather that survived.
	Can give a more realistic view of “average” dress. These may be items that were lost or broken & discarded. Many are of very mediocre workmanship. This is encouraging when trying to recreate dress accessories. Not everything looks like the Sutton Hoo belt buckle.
	Antiquities also provide a much better feel for the scale of items that may be difficult to get from a book where no scale is given.

Open Issues

The study of early Anglo-Saxon dress leaves us with many questions. Archaeologists continue to argue over a number of these. So we get to do our own research & make up our own minds.

	What colors were used & how often? often too small a fragment of textile to destructively test is found or it may be too stained by bog tannin to yield clear results
	How many layers? If pins didn’t go through all layers, only top preserved in the corrosion on the backs of pins
	Saxon ladies wore lots of different objects hanging from belts. Crystal balls, perforated spoons, T shaped girdle hangers in pairs. Why were they worn?
	Many belt buckles had decoration that would be covered up if buckled like modern belts. How do you fasten your belt so the decoration shows?
	No body was found at the incredibly rich Sutton Hoo ship burial. Was King Raedwald buried at Sutton Hoo? Was anyone buried at Sutton Hoo?

Helpful Hints

	Track down good maps.
	Learn names of nearby towns/regions and alternate names for the culture (Jutes in Kent)
	Find references to interpret archeologists. Lots of very technical terminology is used. – What the heck is a cruciform brooch?
	Archeologists change their minds. Watch for newer discoveries that shed new light on old questions
	Learn the names of eminent researchers in the field & seek out their work. Article titles are often cryptic. Sonia Chadwick Hawkes, David Wilson, Martin Welch, Vera Evison, Grace & Elizabeth Crowfoot, among others.
	Do not settle for someone else’s redrawing of an artifact. Seek out photographs of the side and back.
	Many dig reports have articles by specialists at the end. This is often the case for textiles.

Bibliography

Books

Adkins, Lesley and Roy. The Handbook of British Archaeology. Constable, London, 1982.

Campbell, James, ed. The Anglo-Saxons. Penguin Books: London, 1991.

Carver, Martin, ed. The Age of Sutton Hoo. Boydell Press: Woodbridge, 1992.

Collingwood, Peter. The Techniques of Tabletweaving. Robin and Russ Handweavers: McmInnville, Oregon, 1996.

Evison, Vera. An Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Alton, Hampshire. Hampshire Field Club: Hampshire, 1988.

Evison, Vera. Dover: The Buckland Anglo-Saxon Cemetery. Historic Buildings and Monuments. Archaeological Report No. 3. Commission for England: London,

Guido, Margaret. The Glass Beads of Anglo-Saxon England c. AD 400-700. The Boydell Press: London, 1999.

Hald, Margrethe. Ancient Danish Textiles from Bogs and Burials: A Comparative Study of Costume and Iron Age Textiles. Copenhagen: The National Museum of Denmark, 1980.

Hald, Margrethe. Primitive Shoes: An Archaeological-Ethnological Study based upon Shoe Finds from the Jutland Penninsula. Copenhagen: The National Museum of Denmark, 1972.

Hansen, Egon. Tablet Weaving: History, Techniques, Colors, Patterns. Højbjerg, Denmark: Hovedland Publishers, 1990

Hines, John. Clasps Hektespenner, Agraffen: Anglo-Scandinavian Clasps of Classes A-C of the 3rd to 6th centuries A.D. Typology, Diffusion and Function. Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikviets Akademien, Stockholm, 1993.

Hines, John. A New Corpus of Great Square-Headed Brooches. Boydell Press: London, 1997.

Hoffmann, Marta. The Warp Weighted Loom. Robin and Russ Handweavers: McMinnville, OR, 1964.

Jorgensen, Lise Bender. North European Textiles until AD 1000. trans. Peter Crabb. Aarhus : Aarhus University Press, 1992.

Krupp, Christina, and Carloyn A. Priest-Dorman. “Women’s Garb in Northern Europe, 450-1000 C.E.: Frisians, Angles, Franks, Balts, Vikings, and Finns.” The Compleat Anachronist #59. SCA, Inc., 1992.

Laing, Lloyd and Jennifer. Early English Art and Architecture. Sutton Publishing: Phoenix Mill, 1996.

Leeds, E. T. A Corpus of Early Anglo-Saxon Great Square-Headed Brooches. The Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1949.

MacGregor, Arthur and Ellen Bolick. A Summary Catalogue of the Anglo-Saxon Collections (Non-Ferrous Metals) British Archaeological Reports, British Series 230. Oxford: Ashmolean Museum, 1993.

O’Domhnail, Cormac macCliuin. Arthurian Costume: Clothing in Post-Roman Britain, AD 400-550 Revised. Moongate Designs, Canton, MI, 1987.

Owen-Crocker, Gale R. Dress in Anglo-Saxon England. Manchester University Press: Manchester, 1986.

Paxon, Diana L. Germanic Costume From the Early Iron Age to the Viking Era, 2nd ed.. Grayhaven Costume Series #3, Berkeley, 1992. (SCA Publication)

Spies, Nancy. Ecclesiastical Pomp and Aristocratic Circumstance: A Thousand Years old Brocaded Tabletwoven Bands. Arelate Studio: Jarretsville, Maryland, 2000.

Webster, Leslie, and Janet Backhouse. The Making of England: Anglo Saxon Art and Culture AD 600-900. British Museum Press: London 1992.

West, Stanley, E. The Anglo Saxon Cemetery at West Garth Gardens, Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk, Catalogue. East Anglian Archaeology Report No. 38. Suffolk County Planning Department: Bury St. Edmunds, 1988.

Welch, Martin. Discovering Anglo-Saxon England. The Pennsylvania State Press, University Park, PA, 1992.

Wilson, David M. ed. The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England. Cambride University Press: Cambridge, 1976.

Articles

Batchelor, D. “Darenth Park Anglo-Saxon Cemetery, Dartford.” Archaeologia Cantiana, Vol. CVII, 1990. pp. 35-72.

Chadwick, Sonia E., “The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Finglesham, Kent.” a Reconsideration. Medieval Archaeology, v. 2, 1958. pp. 1-71.

Crowfoot, Elisabeth and Hawkes, Sonia Chadwick. “Early Anglo-Saxon Gold Braids.” Medieval Archaeology, vol 11 (1967). pp 42-86.

Crowfoot, G. M. 1950: “Textiles of the Saxon Period in the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology.“ Cambridge Antiquarian Society Proceedings 44. pp. 26-32.

Crowfoot, G. M. 1952: “Anglo Saxon Tablet Weaving.” The Antiquaries Journal XXXII. pp. 189-191.

Crowfoot, G. M. 1956: “Anglo Saxon Sites in Lincolnshire.” The Antiquaries Journal XXXVI. pp. 183-189.

Hawkes, Sonia Chadwick. "Eastry in Anglo-Saxon Kent: Its Importance, and a Newly Found Grave." Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History. pp.81-113.

Hawkes, Sonia Chadwick. "The Anglo-Saxon cemetery of Bifrons, in the parish of Patrixbourne, East Kent." Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History 11, 2000.pp. 1-91.

Leeds, E.T. 1957. "Notes on Jutish Art in Kent between 450 and 575." Medieval Archaeology, Vol. 1. pp. 5-26.

Perkins, D. R. J. and Sonia Chadwick Hawkes. “The Thanet Gas Pipeline Phases I and II (Monkton Parish), 1982.” Archaeologia Cantiana, Vol. CI, 1991. pp. 83-114.

Perkins, D. R. J. “The Jutish Cemetery at Sarre Revisited: A Rescue Evaluation.” Archaeologia Cantiana, Vol. CIX, 1991. pp. 139-166.

Warhurst, Alan. “The Jutish Cemetery at Lyminge. “ Archaeologia Cantiana, Vol. LXIX, 1955. pp. 1-40.

Internet

Archaeology Magazine. Pictures of Huldremose Gown. http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/bog/jpegs/huldremose2.jpeg

Priest-Dorman, Carolyn. Textile Resources for the Re-enactor http://www.cs.vassar.edu/~capriest/textileres.html

Priest-Dorman, Carolyn. Viking Resources for the Re-enactor http://www.cs.vassar.edu/~capriest/vikresource.html

	Priest-Dorman, Carloyn. “Metallic Trims for Some Early Period Personae.” Pikestaff Arts and Sciences Issue (December 1994).
	Priest-Dorman, Carolyn. “A Saxon Threaded-In Tablet Weave.” Pikestaff, December 1990, reprinted on the internet, 1997.

Wilson, Melanie. 5th Century Anglian Information. http://www.maering.co.uk/

York Archaeological Trust http://www.yorkarchaeology.co.uk/

Regia Anglorum: Anglo-Saxon, Viking, Norman and British Living History http://www.regia.org/

Angelcynn: Anglo-Saxon Living History 400-900 A.D http://www.angelcynn.org.uk/

Old English Pages. http://www.georgetown.edu/cball/oe/old_english.html

Additional Links available on my website